| | More

References

  • Pauwels R, Buist A, Calverley P, Jenkins C, Hurd S. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1256-1276.
  • Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, Ford ES, Redd SC. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance - United States, 1971-2000. MMWR 2002; 51: 1-16.
  • Mannino DM, Gagnon RC, Petty TL, Lydick E. Obstructive lung disease and low lung function in adults in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 1683-1689.
  • Vestbo J, Prescott E, Lange P, and the Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and COPD morbidity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 1530-1535.
  • Prescott E, Vestbo J. Socioeconomic status and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1999; 54: 737-741.
  • Feenstra TL, van Genugten MLL, Hoogenveen RT, Wouters EF, Rutten-van Mölken MPMH. The impact of aging and smoking on the future burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 590-596.
  • Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349: 1498-1504.
  • Sullivan SD, Ramsey SD, Lee TA. The economic burden of COPD. Chest 2000; 117: 5S-9S.
  • Sandford AJ, Weir TD, Pare P. Genetic risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1380-1391.
  • Silverman EK, Speizer FE. Risk factors for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Clin North Am 1996; 80: 501-522.
  • Rijcken B, Scouten JP, Xu X, Rosner B, Weiss ST. Bronchial hyper-responsiveness to histamine is associated with accelerated decline of FEV1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1377-1382.
  • Lange P, Parner J, Vestbo J, Jensen G, Schnohr P. A 15-year follow-up of ventilatory function in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1194-1200.
  • Prescott E. Tobacco-related diseases: the role of gender. Dan Med Bull 2000; 47: 115-131.
  • Anto JM, Vermeire P, Vestbo J, Sunyer J. Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 982-994.
  • Fletcher CM, Tinker CM, Peto R, Speizer FE. The natural history of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1976.
  • Gold DR, Wang X, Wipyj D, Speizer FE, Ware JH, Dockery DW. Effects of cigarette smoking on lung function in adolescent boys and girls. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 931-937.
  • Kerstjens HAM, Rijcken B, Schouten JP, Postma DS. Decline of FEV1 by age and smoking status: facts, figures, and fallacies. Thorax 1997; 52: 820-827.
  • Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Murray RP, for the Lung Health Study Research Group. Smoking and lung function of Lung Health Study participants after 11 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 675-679.
Previous: Future Expectations Next: Pathology, Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology